Plastic Surgery Residency for IMGs: Integrated Plastics vs the General Surgery Pathway
March 5, 2026
Introduction
Plastic surgery represents one of the most competitive specialties in American graduate medical education, with integrated plastic surgery residency consistently ranking among the most selective training pathways in the National Residency Matching Program. For international medical graduates interested in pursuing IMG plastic surgery residency training, understanding the statistical realities of this field is essential before committing to the extensive preparation required.
Many international medical students express interest in reconstructive surgery, drawn to the specialty’s combination of technical precision, aesthetic outcomes, and diverse clinical applications. However, the pathway into plastic surgery training in the United States remains unclear for most IMG applicants, with limited published guidance addressing the specific challenges this population faces.
Plastic surgery training in the United States occurs through two primary pathways: the integrated plastic surgery residency, which provides direct entry after medical school into a six-year program, and the general surgery pathway, which involves completing categorical general surgery training before pursuing reconstructive specialization. Each pathway presents distinct advantages and challenges for international medical graduates.
This article provides an analytical examination of match statistics, research expectations, training pathways, and strategic considerations for IMGs interested in plastic surgery. The goal is to offer clear interpretation of available data and realistic guidance for applicants navigating this highly competitive landscape.
Can International Medical Graduates Match Into Plastic Surgery?
Many international medical graduates ask a simple question: is matching into plastic surgery actually possible for IMGs?
The answer is yes, but the pathway is extremely narrow. In the 2025 NRMP Main Residency Match, only 6 international medical graduates matched into integrated plastic surgery residency programs nationwide. This represents approximately 2.7% of all available positions.
While this number may appear discouraging, it is important to interpret it in context. Plastic surgery itself is one of the smallest specialties in American graduate medical education, with only 221 residency positions offered across 91 programs. Even among U.S. medical graduates, the specialty remains highly selective.
The more relevant question therefore becomes not simply whether IMGs can match into plastic surgery, but what distinguishes the small number who successfully do.
While the probability is low, international medical graduates do match into integrated plastic surgery residency programs each year, typically after demonstrating exceptional research productivity, strong mentorship within U.S. plastic surgery departments, and significant academic preparation.
Overview of Plastic Surgery Training in the United States
Plastic surgery training has evolved substantially over the past two decades, with the integrated model now representing the dominant pathway into the specialty. Understanding the structural differences between training models is essential for international medical graduates evaluating their options.
Integrated Plastic Surgery
The integrated plastic surgery residency is a six-year program that begins immediately after medical school graduation. This pathway provides direct entry into plastic surgery training with early exposure to reconstructive procedures. Current data indicate that integrated programs now offer a median of 52 months of core plastic surgery training, 12 months of core general surgery, and 8 months of plastic surgery-adjacent rotations across the six-year curriculum.[1]
Integrated residents receive comprehensive exposure to the full breadth of plastic surgery subspecialties, including microsurgery, craniofacial surgery, burn reconstruction, hand surgery, aesthetic surgery, and breast reconstruction. The curriculum has evolved to emphasize earlier and increased plastic surgery exposure, with programs now providing more plastic surgery training time than general surgery rotations on average.[1][2]
The integrated model has grown substantially, with programs increasing by 68% over the past decade while independent programs have decreased by 33%.[3] This shift reflects the specialty’s preference for comprehensive training that begins at the postgraduate year one level.
General Surgery Pathway
The traditional pathway into plastic surgery involves completing categorical general surgery residency followed by additional fellowship training. This independent model requires a minimum of three years of plastic surgery training after completing prerequisite surgical education.[4]
Historically, this pathway was the standard route into plastic surgery. However, independent programs have progressively converted positions to integrated positions, with the total number of independent positions decreasing from 97 to 66 between 2010 and 2018.[5] Survey data from program directors indicate that this trend will continue, with multiple programs considering elimination of their independent tracks.[4]
The general surgery pathway remains relevant for international medical graduates because it offers a larger pool of training positions and higher IMG representation compared to integrated plastic surgery programs.
Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Match Statistics
The 2025 NRMP Main Residency Match data reveal the extreme selectivity of integrated plastic surgery residency and illustrate how small the field actually is.
Integrated Plastic Surgery Match at a Glance
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Programs | 91 |
| Positions | 221 |
| IMG Matches | 6 |
| IMG Percentage | ~2.7% |
The entire United States produces only approximately 221 new integrated plastic surgeons per year through this pathway. All positions were filled in the 2025 match cycle.
The composition of matched residents demonstrates the dominance of U.S. medical graduates:
| Applicant Type | Matches | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. MD Seniors | 197 | 89.1% |
| U.S. MD Graduates | 16 | 7.2% |
| U.S. DO Seniors | 2 | 0.9% |
| U.S. DO Graduates | 0 | 0% |
| U.S. IMGs | 2 | 0.9% |
| Non-U.S. IMGs | 4 | 1.8% |
These statistics indicate that only 6 international medical graduates matched into integrated plastic surgery in 2025, representing approximately 2.7% of all matched positions. This figure aligns with broader data showing that IMG representation in plastic surgery remains among the lowest of all medical specialties, with only 2.8% of allocated positions going to IMGs.[6]
An important detail in the NRMP data is that relatively few IMGs even attempt to match directly into integrated plastics. In 2025, only 15 U.S. IMGs and 30 non-U.S. IMGs ranked the specialty. This reflects self-selection rather than lack of interestâmany applicants recognize the structural difficulty of matching into the specialty directly.
The IMG Probability Problem in Plastic Surgery
Understanding competitiveness in integrated plastic surgery requires analysis beyond examination scores and research metrics. The fundamental challenge for international medical graduates is structural: the specialty trains an extremely small number of residents annually, which mathematically limits opportunities regardless of individual qualifications.
The Denominator Problem
The probability problem becomes clear when examining the denominator of available positions. With only 221 positions available nationally and 6 IMG matches, the absolute number of opportunities for international graduates is minimal. Even if an IMG applicant possesses exceptional credentials, they are competing for approximately 6 positions across the entire country.
Plastic surgery programs are typically small, with many accepting only one to three residents per year, further limiting the number of opportunities available in each match cycle and reinforcing the structural competitiveness of the specialty. Programs with very small classes often prefer applicants with strong institutional familiarity, extensive U.S. research relationships, and letters from nationally known plastic surgeons.
Institutional Pipelines
Many integrated plastic surgery residents are selected from U.S. medical schools with strong surgical departments, students who performed away rotations at the program, and research fellows embedded in the department. These pipelines naturally favor students already within U.S. academic networks.
Comparison with General Surgery
This structural limitation contrasts sharply with general surgery, where the scale of training is substantially larger:
| Specialty | Programs | Positions | IMG Matches | IMG Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integrated Plastic Surgery | 91 | 221 | 6 | 2.7% |
| General Surgery (Categorical) | 377 | 1,778 | 214 | 12.1% |
General surgery offers approximately eight times more positions than integrated plastic surgery and matches approximately 35 times more international medical graduates annually. The 2025 match data show that U.S. IMGs filled 100 categorical general surgery positions while non-U.S. IMGs filled 114, for a total of 214 IMG matches representing 12.1% of all categorical general surgery residents.
The disparity extends beyond raw numbers. Survey data indicate that most surgical residency program directors report never or seldomly interviewing (73-100%) or ranking (77-100%) international medical graduates.[7] In plastic surgery specifically, IMG residents constitute only 7.3% of current residents across all programs, with representation varying significantly by geographic region.[8]
Why Many Students Misjudge the Plastic Surgery Match
A common error among applicants is conflating perceived competitiveness with structural competitiveness. These are distinct concepts that require separate analysis.
Perceived Competitiveness
Perceived competitiveness refers to the academic profile required to be considered a strong applicant. In plastic surgery, this includes high USMLE scores, extensive research productivity, strong letters of recommendation, and demonstrated commitment to the specialty. Many applicants focus exclusively on building this profile, assuming that exceptional credentials will translate into match success.
Structural Competitiveness
Structural competitiveness refers to the mathematical reality of how many positions exist and how they are distributed. In integrated plastic surgery, the structural constraints are severe: 91 programs offering 221 positions, with strong institutional preferences for applicants from within established pipelines.
The distinction matters because an applicant can possess an objectively excellent academic profile and still face low probability of matching due to structural factors. When only 6 IMG positions exist nationally, even highly qualified candidates are competing for an extremely limited number of opportunities.
The Implication for Strategy
Understanding this distinction should inform how IMGs approach the plastic surgery match. Building a strong academic profile remains necessary, but it is not sufficient. Applicants must also consider whether they can access the institutional pipelines that feed into plastic surgery programsâthrough research positions, away rotations, and mentorship relationships with plastic surgeons at U.S. academic centers.
For many IMGs, the structural analysis suggests that alternative pathways, including general surgery with later specialization, may offer more realistic routes to careers involving reconstructive surgery.
Evaluation Behavior of Programs: Holistic Review and IMG Applicants
Residency programs increasingly emphasize holistic review, evaluating applicants through multiple dimensions rather than relying solely on exam scores. According to the 2024 NRMP Program Director Survey, 97.9% of program directors indicated that their programs engage in holistic review practices when selecting applicants for interviews and rank order list inclusion.[9]
What Programs Evaluate
The NRMP survey identified five overarching themes in how program directors approach holistic review: logistics in the review process, factors considered in application review, interview evaluation, fit with program, and equity efforts and bias reduction.[9]
Program directors report assessing multiple dimensions of applicants including:
– Meaningful life experiences and obstacles overcome
– Overall character and interpersonal skills
– Leadership experiences
– Research, work, and clinical experiences
– Volunteer and community involvement
– Alignment with program mission
The Screening Challenge for IMGs
However, programs frequently receive thousands of applications and therefore apply initial screening criteria before holistic review occurs. The NRMP data show that programs receiving more than 2,000 applications reviewed only 25.1% of them holistically, compared to 64.8% for programs receiving fewer than 500 applications.[9]
For IMGs, this means the application must first pass screening filters before any broader evaluation occurs. The NRMP survey specifically noted that research, work, and clinical experiences “were important when reviewing international medical graduate applicants, with PDs seeking information about previous training and U.S. based clinical experiences.”[9]
This finding has direct implications for IMG strategy: demonstrating U.S. clinical exposure and substantial research productivity may be necessary simply to reach the holistic review stage of evaluation.
Academic Profile of Successful Plastic Surgery Applicants
The academic profile of successful integrated plastic surgery applicants has evolved significantly, particularly following the transition of USMLE Step 1 to pass/fail scoring in 2022. Research productivity has emerged as a primary differentiator among applicants.
Research Productivity Expectations
Bibliometric analysis of matched integrated plastic surgery residents reveals substantial research output. Among the 2024-2025 matched cohort, the median total publication count was 10 (IQR: 5-18), with 6 plastic surgery-specific publications (IQR: 2-12) and 3 first-author publications (IQR: 1-5).[10] The median H-index for matched applicants was 5 (IQR: 3-6).
The importance of having at least one publication has increased substantially. Data from the three most recent graduating medical school cohorts show that the percentage of applicants matching without any publications declined from 16.9% to 9.3%, while those matching without a first-author publication decreased from 37.1% to 29.5%.[11] Similarly, the proportion of applicants matching without a publication in a plastic surgery journal dropped by approximately 8% annually.
Matched applicants demonstrate significantly higher research productivity than unmatched applicants. Texas STAR database analysis shows matched applicants had more abstracts/posters/presentations (9.3 vs. 7.9, p = 0.002) and peer-reviewed publications (6.7 vs. 5.2, p = 0.001) compared to those who did not match.[12]
The Step 1 Transition and Its Implications
The transition to pass/fail Step 1 scoring has shifted emphasis toward other application components. Survey data from plastic surgery program directors indicate that Step 2 scores are expected to replace Step 1 scores in assessment criteria, with 48.8% of respondents holding this view.[13] The content of recommendation letters was identified as the criterion with the greatest increase in weight (66.7% of respondents).
The NRMP Program Director Survey confirms this shift, with program directors reporting that while grades and licensure exam scores remain factors in holistic review, they are “attempting to give those aspects of the application less weight compared to other aspects of the application.” Many program directors expressed trying to see applicants as “more than just grades and test scores.”[9]
IMG-Specific Research Patterns
Notably, matched international medical graduates demonstrate disproportionately greater research productivity than U.S. graduates.[11] This finding suggests that IMGs who successfully match into integrated plastic surgery have compensated for other application disadvantages through exceptional scholarly output. However, despite this higher productivity, IMGs still represent only 3.6% of matched applicants, indicating that research alone is insufficient to overcome structural barriers.
Why Many IMGs Consider the General Surgery Route
Given the statistical realities of the integrated plastic surgery match, some international medical graduates pursue reconstructive surgery interests through general surgery training. This pathway offers several structural advantages, though it represents a fundamentally different training strategy rather than an easier alternative.
Scale and Accessibility
General surgery provides substantially greater access for international medical graduates. The 2025 match data demonstrate the scale difference:
– 377 programs offering categorical positions
– 1,778 categorical positions offered (1,774 filled)
– 214 IMG matches (100 U.S. IMGs + 114 non-U.S. IMGs)
– 12.1% IMG representation
This is nearly eight times larger than integrated plastics in terms of positions and represents a substantially higher percentage of IMG participation.
Preliminary Surgery as an Entry Point
Another structural feature relevant to IMG strategy is the existence of preliminary surgery positions. In 2025:
– 1,194 preliminary surgery positions offered
– 673 filled
– 88 U.S. IMGs and 240 non-U.S. IMGs matched
Preliminary positions often function as a temporary entry point into U.S. surgical training, allowing candidates to demonstrate clinical performance within American residency programs before transitioning to categorical positions.
Building a Surgical Foundation
During general surgery residency, candidates can participate in plastic surgery rotations, conduct reconstructive surgery research, and build relationships with plastic surgery faculty. Many reconstructive procedures are performed by surgeons who originally trained in general surgery and later specialized in plastic surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, or reconstructive surgery.
Realistic Assessment
The general surgery pathway should not be viewed as a backdoor into plastic surgery. The independent plastic surgery match has become increasingly competitive, with foreign medical school applicants increasing from 19.4% to 27% of the applicant pool while available positions decreased from 97 to 66.[5] Applicants who matched were more likely to be from U.S. medical schools, have higher USMLE scores, and have completed training at university-based programs.
For IMGs, the general surgery pathway represents a different career trajectory that may include reconstructive elements rather than a guaranteed route to plastic surgery fellowship.
Strategic Considerations for IMG Plastic Surgery Residency Applicants
International medical graduates interested in plastic surgery must approach their preparation with realistic expectations and strategic planning. The NRMP Program Director Survey provides insight into what programs value and how IMGs can position themselves competitively.
Research Productivity
Given the emphasis on scholarly output in plastic surgery selection, IMGs should prioritize building a substantial research portfolio. This includes peer-reviewed publications, with particular attention to first-author manuscripts and plastic surgery-specific research. Engagement with plastic surgery research groups and mentorship from plastic surgeons can facilitate meaningful scholarly contributions.
The data suggest that having at least one publication is now effectively a requirement for matching, with first-author and specialty-specific publications gaining importance.[11] IMGs should aim to exceed the median publication counts of matched applicants, recognizing that they may need to demonstrate exceptional productivity to receive consideration.
U.S. Clinical Exposure
The NRMP survey specifically identified U.S. clinical experience as important for IMG applicants, with program directors “seeking information about previous training and U.S. based clinical experiences.” Away rotations and clinical exposure at U.S. institutions have become critical factors in the plastic surgery match.[9] Analysis shows that completing a visiting subinternship raised the odds of interview at that specific program by 21-fold and the odds of matching at that program by 13-fold.[14]
For IMGs, obtaining U.S. clinical experience presents logistical challenges but remains essential for competitive applications. This exposure provides opportunities to obtain strong letters of recommendation from U.S. plastic surgeons and demonstrate clinical competence in the American healthcare system.
Mentorship and Networking
Program directors emphasize fit with program mission and compatibility with current staff and residents as important selection factors.[9] The NRMP survey found that “fit with current staff and residents” was a significant theme, with some program directors indicating that this factor “even outweighed academic characteristics such as medical school grades or licensure exam scores.”[9]
IMGs benefit from establishing mentorship relationships with plastic surgeons who can provide guidance, research opportunities, and advocacy during the application process. Participation in professional organizations, attendance at plastic surgery conferences, and engagement with academic plastic surgery communities can facilitate networking opportunities.
Multi-Year Planning
Building a competitive application for integrated plastic surgery typically requires multi-year academic planning. Many successful applicants complete dedicated research years, with 29.6% of matched applicants reporting research years compared to 16.3% of unmatched applicants.[12] IMGs should anticipate that developing a competitive profile may require extended preparation beyond medical school graduation.
Conclusion
Plastic surgery remains one of the most selective specialties in American graduate medical education. In the 2025 NRMP Match, only 6 international medical graduates matched into 221 integrated plastic surgery positions nationwide.
For IMGs interested in Plastic surgery, understanding both the integrated pathway and the broader surgical pathway is essential before committing to the extensive preparation required. Research productivity, U.S. clinical exposure, mentorship, and long-term academic planning remain key components of a competitive application.
General surgery offers a pathway with greater accessibilityâ214 IMG matches compared to 6 in integrated plasticsâbut represents a different training trajectory rather than a guaranteed route to plastic surgery fellowship.
Frequently Asked Questions About Plastic Surgery Residency for IMGs
Can international medical graduates match into plastic surgery residency?
Yes, but the pathway is extremely selective. In the 2025 NRMP Main Residency Match, only six international medical graduates matched into integrated plastic surgery residency programs nationwideâtwo U.S. IMGs and four non-U.S. IMGsârepresenting approximately 2.7% of all 221 available positions. While the probability is low, IMGs do match each year, typically after demonstrating exceptional research productivity, strong mentorship within U.S. plastic surgery departments, and significant academic preparation.
How competitive is plastic surgery residency for IMGs?
Plastic surgery is one of the most competitive specialties in U.S. graduate medical education. The specialty offers only 221 integrated residency positions annually across 91 programs, making the number of opportunities extremely limited for all applicants. Competitiveness for IMGs involves both perceived competitiveness (building a strong academic profile) and structural competitiveness (the mathematical reality that only approximately six IMG positions exist nationally each year). Even highly qualified IMG candidates face significant structural barriers due to the small size of the specialty and strong institutional pipelines that favor U.S. medical graduates.
Do IMGs need research to match into plastic surgery?
Yes. Research productivity is a critical factor in plastic surgery residency applications. Among matched applicants in recent cycles, the median total publication count was 10, with 6 plastic surgery-specific publications and 3 first-author publications. Data show that having at least one publication is now effectively a requirement for matching, with the percentage of applicants matching without any publications declining from 16.9% to 9.3% in recent years. Notably, matched IMGs demonstrate disproportionately greater research productivity than U.S. graduates, suggesting that exceptional scholarly output is necessary to compensate for other application factors.
Is general surgery a pathway to plastic surgery for IMGs?
Some international medical graduates pursue reconstructive surgery interests through general surgery training. General surgery offers substantially greater accessibility, with 214 IMGs matching into 1,778 categorical positions in 2025 (12.1% IMG representation) compared to only 6 IMGs matching into 221 integrated plastic surgery positions (2.7% IMG representation). During general surgery residency, candidates can participate in plastic surgery rotations, conduct reconstructive surgery research, and build relationships with plastic surgery faculty. However, this represents a different training trajectory rather than a guaranteed route to plastic surgery fellowship, as the independent plastic surgery match has also become increasingly competitive.
What factors do plastic surgery programs consider when evaluating IMG applicants?
According to the 2024 NRMP Program Director Survey, 97.9% of residency programs engage in holistic review practices. Program directors assess meaningful life experiences, overall character, leadership experiences, research productivity, and alignment with program mission. However, programs receiving large numbers of applications apply initial screening criteria before holistic review occurs. The NRMP survey specifically noted that U.S. clinical experience is particularly important when reviewing IMG applicants, with program directors seeking information about previous training and U.S.-based clinical exposure. Completing a visiting subinternship has been shown to raise the odds of interview at that program by 21-fold.
How many years of training is plastic surgery residency?
Integrated plastic surgery residency is a six-year program that begins immediately after medical school graduation. Current data indicate that integrated programs offer a median of 52 months of core plastic surgery training, 12 months of core general surgery, and 8 months of plastic surgery-adjacent rotations. The alternative independent pathway requires completing general surgery residency first, followed by a minimum of three years of plastic surgery fellowship training, though this pathway has become less common as independent programs have decreased by 33% over the past decade.
What USMLE scores do IMGs need for plastic surgery?
Following the transition of USMLE Step 1 to pass/fail scoring in 2022, the emphasis on standardized test scores has shifted. Survey data from plastic surgery program directors indicate that Step 2 CK scores are expected to replace Step 1 scores in assessment criteria, with 48.8% of respondents holding this view. However, the content of recommendation letters was identified as the criterion with the greatest increase in weight (66.7% of respondents). Program directors report attempting to give grades and licensure exam scores less weight compared to other aspects of the application, viewing applicants as “more than just grades and test scores.”
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References
- Interprogram Differences in Core General, Core Plastic, and Plastic Surgery-Adjacent Training. Akhavan AA, Atayeva R, Tiongco RFP, et al. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2025;94(2):204-211. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000004228.
- From “Coordinated” to “Integrated” Residency Training: Evaluating Changes and the Current State of Plastic Surgery Programs. Rifkin WJ, Cammarata MJ, Kantar RS, et al. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2019;143(3):644e-654e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005325.
- Comprehensive Rotation Analysis of Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency in the United States: Clarification of Rotation Metrics. Koenig ZA, Patel NK, Norcini R, Quiroga LH, Woodberry K. The Journal of Surgical Research. 2025;313:438-447. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2025.06.069.
- Outlook for Independent Plastic Surgery Training: A Survey of Plastic Surgery Program Directors. Ovadia SA, Thaller SR. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2021;86(1):78-81. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000002378.
- The Independent Plastic Surgery Match (2010-2018): Applicant and Program Trends, Predictors of a Successful Match, and Future Directions. Azoury SC, Kozak GM, Stranix JT, et al. Journal of Surgical Education. 2020 Jan – Feb;77(1):219-228. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.07.018.
- International Medical Graduates and the Physician Workforce. McElvaney OJ, McMahon GT. JAMA. 2024;332(6):490-496. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.7656.
- A 5-Year Analysis of the Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Match: The Most Competitive Specialty?. Asserson DB, Sarac BA, Janis JE. The Journal of Surgical Research. 2022;277:303-309. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.023.
- Characterizing the Past 5 Years of Integrated Plastic Surgery Applicants: A Texas STAR Analysis. Bao E, DePaola N, Mihalic AP, Huston TL. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS. 2025;105:88-94. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2025.03.054.
- International Medical Graduates Matching Into U.S. General Surgery Residency: 30-Year Match Trends. Foley BL, Dougherty CE, Are C, et al. The Journal of Surgical Research. 2024;301:547-553. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2024.07.006.
- Identifying Recent Trends in the Prevalence of International Medical Graduates Entering the Surgical Workforce in the United States. Silvestre J, Moore JW, Williams M, Slone HS. Journal of Surgical Education. 2025;82(5):103473. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2025.103473.
- Geographic Trends of International Medical Graduate Residents and Faculty in US Plastic Surgery Training Programs. Akiki RK, Barrow B, Sobti N, Schmidtt S. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2023;. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000003409.
- A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Research Productivity for Medical Students Matching Into Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency. Quick JD, Allbright M, Babb G, et al. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2025;:00000637-990000000-00978. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000004576.
- Publication Trends of Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Applicants Without Numeric Step 1 Scores. Bohler F, Burmeister JR, Dimock E, et al. Journal of Surgical Education. 2025;82(9):103598. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2025.103598.
- Update on the Selection Criteria of Plastic Surgery Residents: A Survey of Program Directors and Associate Program Directors. Asghari A, Hines E, Mocharnuk J, Leis A, Wang ED. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2024;92(5S Suppl 3):S327-S330. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000003801.
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